Classical conditioning, also called Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning, is learning through association. This behavioral learning method was first studied in the late 19th century by ...

Classical physics theories suggest that when two or more electromagnetic waves interfere destructively (i.e., with their electric fields canceling each other out), they cannot interact with matter. In ...

In the strange world of quantum mechanics, objects can exist in several states at once. This concept, called superposition, is one of the most puzzling features of quantum theory. A particle, for ...

A rift runs deep through the heart of physics. The general theory of relativity, which describes gravity, clashes with quantum physics. In an effort to seal that physics fissure, untold numbers of ...

For decades, physicists have struggled to develop a quantum theory of gravity. But what if gravity — and space-time — are fundamentally classical? Most physicists expect that when we zoom in on the ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract It is usual to identify initial conditions of classical dynamical systems with mathematical real numbers. However, almost all real numbers ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract This article reviews and brings together two literatures: classical political economists' views on the skilling or deskilling nature of ...