With today’s glass cockpits, “partial panel” now probably means reverting to a backup gyro artificial horizon, either electric or vacuum driven. Even some six pack-equipped aircraft (with vacuum ...

For decades pilots of light airplanes have practiced flying instruments using only what we called a “partial panel,” meaning that several crucial instruments were not operating. Being able to control ...

In most air forces and most airlines, when a pilot nears his landing field he calls the ground, asks for the “Kollsman number.” What he gets is the atmospheric pressure in that area, necessary to ...